Drainage basin

Climatology

Ecology

Biology

Statistics

Runoff curve number

Geotechnical engineering

Materials science

Cartography

Ensemble forecasting

Range (aeronautics)

Calibration

Surface runoff

Water resources

Geology

Streamflow

Oceanography

Forcing (mathematics)

Hydrological modelling

Climate change

Mathematics

Geography

Hydrology (agriculture)

Data set

Water cycle

Environmental science

Composite material

Meteorology

Water Resources Research

River discharge is an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) and is one of the best monitored components of the terrestrial water cycle. Nonetheless, gauging stations are distributed unevenly around the world, leaving many white spaces on global freshwater resources maps. Here, we use a machine learning algorithm and historical weather data to upscale sparse in situ river discharge measurements. We provide a global reanalysis of monthly runoff rates for periods covering decades to the past century at a resolution of 0.5° (about 55 km), and with up to 525 ensemble members based on 21 different atmospheric forcing data sets. This global runoff reconstruction, named Global RUNoff ENSEMBLE (G‐RUN ENSEMBLE), is evaluated using independent observations from large river basins and benchmarked against other publicly available runoff data sets over the period 1981–2010. The accuracy of the data set is evaluated on observed river flow from basins not used for model calibration and is found to compare favorably against state‐of‐the‐art global hydrological model simulations. The G‐RUN ENSEMBLE estimates the global mean runoff volume to range between 3.2 × 10 4 and 3.8 × 10 4 km 3 yr −1 . This publicly available data set ( https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12794075 ) has a wide range of applications, including regional water resources assessments, climate change attribution studies, hydro‐climatic process studies as well as the evaluation, calibration and refinement of global hydrological models.

G‐RUN ENSEMBLE: A Multi‐Forcing Observation‐Based Global Runoff Reanalysis