Temperature Stratification in an Operational Waste-Stabilization Pond

Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) rely on natural processes to improve water quality. WSPs require less capital or operational resources than traditional treatment and are commonly used in rural communities or for secondary disinfection. Typically, WSPs designs use empirical equations without three-dimensional (3D) circulation, thermal stratification, or varying water levels. In the present study, a 3D numerical model (Delft3D version 4.04) was...