Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound inhibits IL-6 in subchondral bone of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis by suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway

This study aimed to provide further information on the exact mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on rabbit temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) on interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in subchondral bone, IL-6 production in IL-1β stimulated via inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway in mouse embryo osteoblast precursor (MC3T3-E1) cells. Bilateral joints were injected with type II...