Optometry

Physics

Neuroscience

Visual acuity

Refractive error

Optics

Eye movement

Accommodation

Wavefront

Cognitive psychology

Artificial intelligence

Psychology

Autorefractor

Stimulus (psychology)

Computer science

Human eye

Medicine

Wavefront sensor

Journal of Vision

The focusing response of the human eye — accommodation — exhibits errors known as lags and leads. Lags occur when the stimulus is near and the eye appears to focus farther than the stimulus. Leads occur with far stimuli where the eye appears to focus nearer than the stimulus. We used objective and subjective measures simultaneously to determine where the eye is best focused. The objective measures were made with a wavefront sensor and an autorefractor, both of which analyze light reflected from the retina. These measures exhibited typical accommodative errors, mostly lags. The subjective measure was visual acuity, which of course depends not only on the eye's optics but also on photoreception and neural processing of the retinal image. The subjective measure revealed much smaller errors. Acuity was maximized at or very close to the distance of the accommodative stimulus. Thus, accommodation is accurate in terms of maximizing visual performance.

Lags and leads of accommodation in humans: Fact or fiction?