samples collected

pb zn

health risk

trace elements

cu pb

soil ingestion

cr ni

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Urban Parks are important places for residents to engage in outdoor activities, and whether heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) in park soils are harmful to human health has aroused people's concern. A total of 204 topsoil samples containing nine HMs were collected from 78 urban parks of Shanghai in China, and used to assess the health risks caused by HMs in soils. The results revealed that the Hg, Cd and Pb were the main enriched pollutants and posed higher ecological risks than the other HMs. Four HM sources (including natural sources, agricultural activities, industrial production and traffic emissions) were identified by combining the Positive matrix factorization model and Correlation analysis, with the contribution rate of 48.24%, 7.03%, 13.04% and 31.69%, respectively. The assessment of Probabilistic health risks indicated that the Non-carcinogenic risks for all populations were negligible. However, the Total carcinogenic risk cannot be negligible and children were more susceptible than adults. The assessment results of source-oriented health risks showed that industrial production and traffic emissions were estimated to be the most important anthropogenic sources of health risks for all populations. Our results provide scientific support needed for the prevention and control of HM pollution in urban parks. • Hg, Cd and Pb were identified as the most polluted HMs in the study area. • Four HM sources were identified by combining PMF model and correlation analysis. • The PMF-HRA model was developed to assess the source-oriented health risks. • The NCR for all populations was negligible, while the TCR cannot be negligible.

Health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in park soils of the largest megacity in China by using Monte Carlo simulation coupled with Positive matrix factorization model