Preparation of polyvinylidene fluoride modified membrane by tannin and halloysite nanotubes for dyes and antibiotics removal

Separation of dyes and antibiotics is particularly important in wastewater treatment. In this work, the hydrophilic modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were prepared by deposition of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), tannic acid (TA) and ferric chloride (FeCl3). The surface morphology of the modified membranes was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, the Fourier transform...