Business

Citizen journalism

Community engagement

Economic growth

Knowledge management

Macroeconomics

Philosophy

Participatory action research

Political science

Economics

Public engagement

Community-based participatory research

Production (economics)

Public relations

Computer science

Linguistics

Terminology

Doreen Tembo and colleagues argue that small changes as well as larger system-wide changes can strengthen citizens' contribution to knowledge in health research Involving a broad range of individual and collective perspectives in global health research outside of academic research is gaining increasing recognition as a mechanism for achieving a greater impact. This activity goes by many names (box 1). In the global north or a high income country, it is commonly called "patient and public involvement," "engagement," or "participation." In low and middle income countries or the global south, these participatory processes are termed "community engagement," "participation," and "community engagement and involvement."123 Co-production, a core feature of community engagement and involvement, is common to health research in both the global north and south, with a range of potential benefits. It helps to ensure that health research contributes to building knowledge and generating innovations that benefit users of research.4 For research that drives change and reduces the waste of resources,5 co-production should start from the earliest stages, when problems are identified and priorities defined.6 Such an approach supports research that is ethical, specific, and appropriate to the local community.789101112 Involvement of end users in the design of projects has also been shown to improve recruitment of participants and research methods, making implementation and the impact of the research results more likely.913 Box 1 ### Terminology for partnering with communities Many terms are used to describe how researchers form partnerships with non-academic communities. The lack of universally agreed and defined terms can lead to a lack of clarity about shared values and scope of activities, and relevance to other researchers and communities. It can also hamper discovery and synthesis of evidence from the literature. The UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) distinguishes between terminologies … RETURN TO TEXT

Effective engagement and involvement with community stakeholders in the co-production of global health research