Finance

Pathology

Sociology

Disease

Population

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Mathematics

Infectious disease (medical specialty)

Mathematical model

Biology

Microbiology

Statistics

Demography

Fractional calculus

Mathematical analysis

Order (exchange)

Economics

Epidemic model

Basic reproduction number

Ecology

Isolation (microbiology)

Quarantine

Computer science

Differential equation

Applied mathematics

Ordinary differential equation

Medicine

Advances in Difference Equations

COVID-19 or coronavirus is a newly emerged infectious disease that started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and spread worldwide very quickly. Although the recovery rate is greater than the death rate, the COVID-19 infection is becoming very harmful for the human community and causing financial loses to their economy. No proper vaccine for this infection has been introduced in the market in order to treat the infected people. Various approaches have been implemented recently to study the dynamics of this novel infection. Mathematical models are one of the effective tools in this regard to understand the transmission patterns of COVID-19. In the present paper, we formulate a fractional epidemic model in the Caputo sense with the consideration of quarantine, isolation, and environmental impacts to examine the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak. The fractional models are quite useful for understanding better the disease epidemics as well as capture the memory and nonlocality effects. First, we construct the model in ordinary differential equations and further consider the Caputo operator to formulate its fractional derivative. We present some of the necessary mathematical analysis for the fractional model. Furthermore, the model is fitted to the reported cases in Pakistan, one of the epicenters of COVID-19 in Asia. The estimated value of the important threshold parameter of the model, known as the basic reproduction number, is evaluated theoretically and numerically. Based on the real fitted parameters, we obtained $\mathcal{R}_{0} \approx 1.50$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.50</mml:mn> </mml:math> . Finally, an efficient numerical scheme of Adams–Moulton type is used in order to simulate the fractional model. The impact of some of the key model parameters on the disease dynamics and its elimination are shown graphically for various values of noninteger order of the Caputo derivative. We conclude that the use of fractional epidemic model provides a better understanding and biologically more insights about the disease dynamics.

A fractional order mathematical model for COVID-19 dynamics with quarantine, isolation, and environmental viral load