Recent developments, current challenges and future perspectives on cellulosic hemodialysis membranes for highly efficient clearance of uremic toxins

End stage renal disease (ESRD, or kidney failure) affects ∼10 % of the world’s population. Kidney transplantation, which best duplicates native kidney function, can extend the lifespan, but the number of available kidneys does not meet current demand; furthermore, the potential for organ rejection is ever-present, requiring life-long immunosuppression to address the associated risk of life-threatening infections. Hemodialysis (HD) is a...