Obstetrics

Immunology

Tubal factor infertility

Chlamydia trachomatis

Infertility

Gonorrhea

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Pregnancy

Mycoplasma genitalium

Chlamydia

Population

Gynecology

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Antibiotics

Fertility

Genetics

Medicine

Biology

Microbiology

Antibiotic resistance

Environmental health

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium are a common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which can lead to tubal factor infertility (TFI). TFI is one of the most common causes of infertility, accounting for 30% of female fertility problems. STIs can also have an impact on pregnancy, leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Escalating antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium represents a significant problem and can be therapeutically challenging. We present a comprehensive review of the current treatment options, as well as the molecular approach to this subject. We have given special attention to molecular epidemiology, molecular diagnostics, current and new treatments, and drug resistance.

The Impact of Selected Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Diseases on Pregnancy and Female Fertility