Transcriptome

Neuroscience

Telomere

Physiology

Evolutionary biology

Biology

Biological pathway

Gene

Circadian rhythm

Endocrinology

Somatic cell

Mental health

Psychiatry

Gene expression

Developmental psychology

Psychology

Longevity

Body mass index

Biological age

Biological sex

Epigenetics

Genetics

Biological clock

eLife

Biological clocks have been developed at different molecular levels and were found to be more advanced in the presence of somatic illness and mental disorders. However, it is unclear whether different biological clocks reflect similar aging processes and determinants. In ~3000 subjects, we examined whether five biological clocks (telomere length, epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic clocks) were interrelated and associated to somatic and mental health determinants. Correlations between biological aging indicators were small (all r &lt; 0.2), indicating little overlap. The most consistent associations of advanced biological aging were found for male sex, higher body mass index (BMI), metabolic syndrome, smoking, and depression. As compared to the individual clocks, a composite index of all five clocks showed most pronounced associations with health determinants. The large effect sizes of the composite index and the low correlation between biological aging indicators suggest that one’s biological age is best reflected by combining aging measures from multiple cellular levels.

An integrative study of five biological clocks in somatic and mental health