Chemistry

Fluorescence

Biochemistry

Physics

Vesicle

Fluorescence microscope

Nile red

Membrane

Biology

Biophysics

Endoplasmic reticulum

Quantum mechanics

Cell biology

Organelle

Mitochondrion

Golgi apparatus

Lipid droplet

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Biomembranes constitute a basis for all compartments of live cells, and therefore, the monitoring of their lipid organization is essential for understanding cell status and activity. However, the sensing and imaging of lipid organization specifically in different organelles of live cells remain challenging. Here, we designed an array of solvatochromic probes based on Nile Red bearing ligands for specific targeting of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, plasma membranes, and lipid droplets. These polarity-sensitive probes detected variations in the lipid order by changing their emission maximum, as evidenced by fluorescence spectroscopy in model membranes. In colocalization microscopy experiments with reference organelle markers, they exhibited good organelle selectivity. Using two-color fluorescence microscopy, the new probes enabled imaging of the local polarity of organelles in live cells. To exclude the biased effect of the probe design on the sensitivity to the membrane properties, we calibrated all probes in model membranes under the microscope, which enabled the first quantitative description of the lipid order in each organelle of interest. Cholesterol extraction/enrichment confirmed the capacity of the probes to sense the lipid order, revealing that organelles poor in cholesterol are particularly affected by its enrichment. The probes also revealed that oxidative and mechanical stresses produced changes in the local polarity and lipid order that were characteristic for each organelle, with mitochondria and lysosomes being particularly stress sensitive. The new probes constitute a powerful toolbox for monitoring the response of the cells to physical and chemical stimuli at the level of membranes of individual organelles, which remains an underexplored direction in cellular research.

Targeted Solvatochromic Fluorescent Probes for Imaging Lipid Order in Organelles under Oxidative and Mechanical Stress