Honeycomb core failure mechanism of CFRP/Nomex sandwich panel under multi-angle impact of hail ice

The rudder of an airplane is fabricated as a sandwich panel and can potentially be damaged by hail ice. The dynamic responses of a CFRP/Nomex sandwich panel with barely any visible core damage under multi-angle impact of an ice sphere at various velocities are researched experimentally and by using numerical simulations at the mesoscale. The results show that the honeycomb core represents three types of failure modes: wrinkling, fracture of cell...