Probing Phonological Processing Differences in Nonword Repetition for Children with Separate or Co-Occurring Dyslexia and Developmental Language Disorder

We assessed nonword repetition (NWR) skills in 7–9 year-old children with dyslexia (dyslexia-only), developmental language disorder (DLD-only), co-occurring DLD+dyslexia, and typical development (TD) with a norm-referenced and an experimental task. The experimental task manipulated phonemic variability (dissimilarity among consonant phonemes within the nonword) and presentation modality (audio-only versus audiovisual) to probe potential...