Evaporation Model for Keyhole Dynamics During Additive Manufacturing of Metal

The molten-pool flow, particularly the keyhole effect, plays a critical role in the formation of defects in additive-manufacturing and welding processes. In this study, we derive an evaporation model for metal alloys considering the gas-flow structure and material composition and implement it in a multiphysics thermal-fluid flow model, which utilizes the volume of fluid (VOF) in the finite volume method (FVM) to capture free surfaces and the...