Oxidative stress, NF-κB signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome, and caspase apoptotic pathways are activated in mammary gland of ketotic Holstein cows

Ketosis is a serious metabolic disorder characterized by systemic and hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, as well as reduced milk yield. Because of the paucity of data on mammary responses during ketosis, the aim of this study was to evaluate alterations in oxidative stress, NF-κB signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome, and caspase apoptotic pathways in mammary gland of dairy cows with ketosis. Blood, mammary gland tissue, and milk...