Macrophage inhibitory cytokine‐1 promotes angiogenesis by eliciting the GFRAL‐mediated endothelial cell signaling

Macrophage inhibitory cytokine‐1 (MIC‐1) is a cytokine with pleotropic actions and its expression is markedly increased by inflammation and cardiac injury and in cancers. In particular, MIC‐1 production after cardiac ischemia injury is associated with enhanced cardiac angiogenesis as well as myocardial protection. However, it remains uncertain whether MIC‐1 itself has proangiogenic activity. In this study, we tried to determine the precise role...