The Past and Future of Biomarkers in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors

Testicular germ cell tumor (GCT) is the most common malignancy in 18- to 40-year-old men. Unlike most other cancers, GCT is frequently curable even when metastatic. These tumors can be classified histologically into seminoma and non-seminoma, which determines treatment. Therefore, successful treatment requires accurate diagnosis, classification, and monitoring. Serum tumor markers, including lactate dehydrogenase, α-fetoprotein, and β-human...