Evaluating the particle rolling effect on the characteristic features of granular material under the critical state soil mechanics framework

The discrete element method (DEM) has been extensively used to capture the macroscopic and particulate response of granular materials. Although particle rolling (i.e. controlled by rolling resistance) has been acknowledged as a major contributing factor towards micro-mechanical behaviour of idealized spherical granular material, its influence on characteristic behaviour has not been thoroughly investigated within critical state soil mechanics...