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Trends in Immunology

Polyamines (i.e., putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are bioactive polycations derived from the decarboxylation of ʟ-ornithine catalyzed by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC).Emerging data suggest that spermidine exerts anti-inflammatory/immunoregulatory effects; it can protect mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and imiquimod-induced psoriasis.Kynurenines are carboxylated products derived from the oxidative cleavage of the essential amino acid tryptophan, mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1).Kynurenines are endowed with several immunoregulatory effects via the activation of the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR).Polyamines and kynurenines are emerging players in immunoregulatory networks involving AhR that could be considered in immunotherapy approaches to treat certain autoimmune diseases and cancers. Polyamines (i.e., putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are bioactive polycations capable of binding nucleic acids and proteins and modulating signaling pathways. Polyamine functions have...

Polyamines and Kynurenines at the Intersection of Immune Modulation