Electrical engineering

Spice

Crossbar switch

CMOS

Algorithm

Computer engineering

Memristor

Engineering

Voltage

Artificial intelligence

Electronic engineering

Computer science

Artificial neural network

Telecommunications

Memristive crossbars have been extensively explored for deep learning accelerators due to their high on-chip storage density and efficient Matrix Vector Multiplication (MVM) compared to digital CMOS. However, their analog nature of computing poses significant issues due to various non-idealities such as: parasitic resistances, non-linear I-V characteristics of the memristor device etc. The non-idealities can have a detrimental impact on the functionality i.e. computational accuracy of crossbars. Past works have explored modeling the non-idealities using analytical techniques. However, several non-idealities have data dependent behavior. This can not be captured using analytical (non data-dependent) models thereby, limiting their suitability in predicting application accuracy. To address this, we propose a Generalized Approach to Emulating Non-Ideality in Memristive Crossbars using Neural Networks (GENIEx), which accurately captures the data-dependent nature of non-idealities. First, we perform extensive HSPICE simulations of crossbars with different voltage and conductance combinations. Based on the obtained data, we train a neural network to learn the transfer characteristics of the non-ideal crossbar. Next, we build a functional simulator which includes key architectural facets such as tiling, and bit-slicing to analyze the impact of non-idealities on the classification accuracy of large-scale neural networks. We show that GENIEx achieves low root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.25 and 0.7 for low and high voltages, respectively, compared to HSPICE. Additionally, the GENIEx errors are 7× and 12.8× better than an analytical model which can only capture the linear non-idealities. Further, using the functional simulator and GENIEx, we demonstrate that an analytical model can overestimate the degradation in classification accuracy by ≥ 10% on CIFAR-100 and 3.7% on ImageNet datasets compared to GENIEx.

GENIEx: A Generalized Approach to Emulating Non-Ideality in Memristive Xbars using Neural Networks