Image-Guided Surgical Training in Percutaneous Hepatobiliary Procedures: Development of a Realistic and Meaningful Bile Duct Dilatation Porcine Model

Background: Malignant or benign biliary obstructions can be successfully managed with minimally invasive percutaneous interventions. Since percutaneous approaches are challenging, extensive training using relevant models is fundamental to improve the proficiency of percutaneous physicians. The aim of this experimental study was to develop an in vivo training model in pigs to simulate bile duct dilatation to be used during percutaneous biliary...