Moderation-Mediation Effects in Bilingualism and Cognitive Reserve

We first provide a critical review of the existing findings on bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve from a moderator-mediator warranting cause-effect research conclusions. We next address the question of direct or indirect effects between bilingualism and neurocognitive protective factors influencing the associated age-related mental deficits. The existing findings support bilingualism as a predictor and as a moderator. Third, we...