Preoperative endoscopic marking of the gastrointestinal tract using fluorescence imaging: submucosal indocyanine green tattooing versus a novel fluorescent over-the-scope clip in a survival experimental study

Intraoperative localization of endoluminal lesions is can be difficult during laparoscopy. Preoperative endoscopic marking is therefore necessary. Current methods include submucosal tattooing using visible dyes, which in case of transmural injection can impair surgical dissection. Tattooing using indocyanine green (ICG) coupled to intraoperative near-infrared (NIR) laparoscopy has been described. ICG is only visible under NIR-light, therefore,...