Tracking Urbanization and Exurbs: Migration Across the Rural–Urban Continuum, 1990–2016

This paper summarizes annual migration patterns across the rural-urban continuum in the USA between 1990 and 2016. We introduce a modified rural-urban continuum classification, the Rural-Urban Gradient (RUG). The RUG holds metropolitan classification constant, effectively designates exurbs, and distinguishes central city core counties in major metropolitan areas from their suburbs and exurbs. The RUG is used to compare, over time and across...