A horizontal convergence monitoring method based on wireless tilt sensors for shield tunnels with straight joints

Convergence monitoring is of great importance to evaluate the tunnel health condition. This paper introduces a real-time convergence monitoring system of shield tunnel with straight joints based on wireless tilt sensors. Wireless tilt sensors have the advantages of real-time monitoring, flexibility and ease of installation, no interruption to tunnel operation and no demand of inter-visibility. A model of calculating horizontal convergence from...