Discrete element modeling of the machining processes of brittle materials: recent development and future prospective

In recent years, the discrete element method (DEM) has been used to model bulk material, especially brittle materials (such as rocks, ceramics, concrete, ice, etc.) with various mechanical properties or responses by setting serials of contact properties (such as bonds) in the particle assembly. These bonds can withstand a certain amount of force and/or moment, so that the stresses executed in the bond can be used for determining the initiation...