Internal medicine

Asthma

Laryngitis

Heartburn

GERD

Chronic cough

Esophagus

Disease

Esophagitis

Esophageal pH monitoring

Esophageal disease

Proton-pump inhibitor

Esophageal stricture

Reflux

Medicine

Gastroenterology

Journal of Clinical Medicine

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined by the presence of symptoms induced by the reflux of the stomach contents into the esophagus. Although clinical manifestations of GERD typically involve the esophagus, extra-esophageal manifestations are widespread and less known. In this review, we discuss extra-esophageal manifestations of GERD, focusing on clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment. Common extra-esophageal manifestations of GERD include chronic cough, asthma, laryngitis, dental erosions, and gingivitis. Extra-esophageal involvement can be present also when classic GERD symptoms are absent, making the diagnosis more challenging. Although available clinical studies are heterogeneous and frequently of low quality, a trial with proton pump inhibitors can be suggested as a first-line diagnostic strategy in case of suspected extra-esophageal manifestations of GERD.

Extra-Esophageal Presentation of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: 2020 Update