Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy in Math: Longitudinal Interrelations and Reciprocal Linkages with Achievement

This study examined temporal interrelations among math self-concept and math self-efficacy and their differential relations to two commonly applied math achievement indicators, that is, math achievement test scores and school grades in math. It based on a longitudinal design with four annual assessments of self-concept, self-efficacy, school grades, and achievement test scores in math during secondary school (Years 6 to 9, N = 3,209 German...