Glacier

Physical geography

Precipitation

Biosphere

Oceanography

Global warming

Hydrosphere

Geology

Climate change

Mathematical analysis

Sea ice

Permafrost

Meteorology

Common spatial pattern

Ecology

Cryosphere

Geography

Spatial distribution

Plateau (mathematics)

Mathematics

Environmental science

Climatology

Remote sensing

Biology

Earth-Science Reviews

The wide distribution of natural lakes over the Tibetan Plateau, the highest and largest plateau on Earth, have received extensive attention due to global warming. In this Review, we examine lake evolution, spatial patterns and driving mechanisms over the Tibetan Plateau. The changes in lake area, level and volume show a slight decrease from 1976 to the mid-1990s, followed by a continuous rapid increase. The spatial patterns show an overall lake growth in the north of the inner plateau against a reduction in the south, which are accompanied by most of the lakes cooling in the north against warming in the south, and longer ice cover duration in the north compared with the south. The changes in lake temperature are negatively correlated with water level variations and lake ice duration. Enhanced precipitation is the dominant contributor to increased lake water storage, followed by glacier mass loss and permafrost thawing. The decadal or longer lake expansion since the mid-1990s could have been driven by the positive phase of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and clear inflection points of lake area/level identified in 1997/1998 and 2015/2016 are attributed to strong El Niño events. In the near-term, the lakes will continue to expand. Future interdisciplinary lake studies are urgently required to improve understanding of climate-cryosphere-hydrosphere interactions and water resources management. • The TP lakes are experiencing a drastic increase in extents, level and volume with variable spatial-temporal patterns. • The spatial concurrent patterns between lake hydrological variations and physical variables are revealed. • Enhanced precipitation is dominant contributor to lake water gain, followed by glacier mass loss and permafrost thawing. • Decadal lake expansion is driven by positive phase of AMO, and inflection points are attributed to strong El Niño events.

Response of Tibetan Plateau lakes to climate change: Trends, patterns, and mechanisms