Heart failure is associated with accelerated age related metabolic bone disease

The heart failure (HF)-syndrome is associated with neuro-hormonal activation, chronic kidney disease (CKD), inflammation and alterations in the phosphorus-metabolism, all of which are involved in regulation of mineral bone density. However, the role of HF as an independent factor associated with metabolic bone disease (MBD) remains unclear.HF-patients undergoing dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were matched in a 1:2 fashion against age and...