Inhibitory effect of the TSG-6 on the BMP-4/Smad signaling pathway and odonto/osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells

This study aimed to observe the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of tumor necrosis factor–inducible protein 6 (TSG-6) on the bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4)/drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein(Smad) signaling pathway and mineralization of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in inflammatory environment. Normal and TSG-6 gene–modified DPSCs were cultured in a mineralization-inducing fluid containing 0 or 50 ng/mL TNF-α...