Pathogenesis and treatment of upper urinary tract cancer.

Upper urinary tract cancer originates in the renal pelvis or ureter and is relatively uncom- mon. The predilection age is 65 to 79 years in Japan. Currently, a diagnosis is usually con- firmed using computed tomography urography. Although radical nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision is the gold standard treatment for localized disease, nephron-sparing surgery using a transureteroscopic approach has also been performed for unifocal,...