Graphene-based multifunctional nanosystems for simultaneous detection and treatment of breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most life-threatening malignancies with high mortality among women. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical operation, and combination therapy are commonly applied modalities in breast cancer therapy. However, the full treatment of the disease is often failed because of the formation of a permissive milieu, so-called tumor microenvironment (TME). In such a setting, immunosurveillance is impaired and high-pressure tumor...