Polydopamine regulated hydroxyapatite microspheres grown in the three-dimensional honeycomb-like mollusk shell-derived organic template for osteogenesis

Layered osteochondral composite scaffolds are considered as a promising strategy for the treatment of osteochondral defects. However, the insufficient osseous support and integration of the subchondral bone layer frequently result in the failure of osteochondral repair. Therefore, it is essentially important to explore new subchondral bone constructs tailored to support bone integration and healing. In this study, a novel three-dimensional...