Quantum mechanics

Philosophy

Fear of death

Social psychology

Cognition

Cognitive appraisal

Psychiatry

Developmental psychology

Anxiety

Fear appeal

Dialectic

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Physics

Psychology

Psychotherapist

Epistemology

Infectious disease (medical specialty)

Medicine

Interpersonal communication

Pandemic

Action (physics)

Disease

Pathology

PubMed

In this article, we argue that fear experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic are organized on the psychological level around four interrelated dialectical domains, namely (1) fear of the body/fear for the body, (2) fear of significant others/fear for significant others, (3) fear of not knowing/fear of knowing, and (4) fear of taking action/fear of inaction. These domains represent the bodily, interpersonal, cognitive, and behavioural features of fear, respectively. We propose ways of addressing these fears and minimising their impact by improving appraisal of the body, fostering attachment security, improving emotion regulation, adopting acceptance and promoting responsibility.

The Four Horsemen of Fear: An Integrated Model of Understanding Fear Experiences During the Covid-19 Pandemic.