Menopause-Related Estrogen Decrease and the Pathogenesis of HFpEF

Heart failure (HF) is a complex condition affecting >40 million people worldwide. It is defined by failure of the heart to pump (HF with reduced ejection fraction) or by the failure of the heart to relax, resulting in reduced filling but with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). HFpEF affects approximately 50% of patients with HF, most of whom are women. Given that the annual mortality ranges from 10% to 30% and as there are no treatments...