Does being in the hot seat matter? Effect of passive vs active learning in surgical simulation

Background Participation in simulation can improve future performance, but it is unclear if observation of simulation scenarios can produce an equivalent benefit. Methods First-year surgical residents were exposed to various simulation scenarios in groups of 4 or 5, either through active participation or passive observation. Residents were individually assessed on 3 of the scenarios. Scores were categorized based on resident level of exposure to...