Psychology

Context (archaeology)

Functional neuroimaging

Physical medicine and rehabilitation

Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance

Neuroscience

Prefrontal cortex

Biology

Frontal lobe

Cognitive psychology

Elementary cognitive task

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Cognition

Audiology

Paleontology

Neuroimaging

Medicine

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

The integrity of the frontal areas of the brain, specifically the prefrontal cortex, are critical to preserve cognition and mobility in late life. Prefrontal cortex regions are involved in executive functions and gait control and have been related to the performance of dual-tasks. Dual-task performance assessment may help identify older adults at risk of negative health outcomes. As an alternative to neuroimaging techniques that do not allow assessment during actual motion, functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy is a non-invasive technique that can assess neural activation through the measurement of cortical oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin levels, while the person is performing a motor task in a natural environment as well as during cognitive tasks. The aim of this review was to describe the use of functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to study frontal lobe hemodynamics during cognitive, motor and dual-tasks in older adults. From the 46 included publications, 20 studies used only cognitive tasks, 3 studies used motor tasks and 23 used dual-tasks. Our findings suggest that functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy detects changes in frontal activation in older adults (cognitively healthy and mild cognitive impairment), especially while performing cognitive and dual-tasks. In both the comparison between older and younger adults, and in people with different neurological conditions, compared to healthier controls, the prefrontal cortex seems to experience a higher activation, which could be interpreted in the context of proposed neural inefficiency and limited capacity models. Further research is needed to establish standardized functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy protocols, study the cerebral hemodynamic in different neurological and systemic conditions that might influence cortical activation and explore its role in predicting incident health outcomes such as dementia.

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Cerebral Hemodynamics in Older Adults During Cognitive and Motor Tasks: A Review