Cosmology

Galaxy formation and evolution

Physics

Dark matter

Galaxy

Astrophysics

Structure formation

Interacting galaxy

Dark energy

Nature Reviews Physics

Over recent decades, cosmological simulations of galaxy formation have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of structure and galaxy formation in the Universe. These simulations follow the nonlinear evolution of galaxies, modelling a variety of physical processes over an enormous range of time and length scales. A better understanding of the relevant physical processes, improved numerical methods and increased computing power have led to simulations that can reproduce a large number of the observed galaxy properties. Modern simulations model dark matter, dark energy and ordinary matter in an expanding space-time starting from well-defined initial conditions. The modelling of ordinary matter is most challenging due to the large array of physical processes affecting this component. Cosmological simulations have also proven useful to study alternative cosmological models and their impact on the galaxy population. This Technical Review presents a concise overview of the methodology of cosmological simulations of galaxy formation and their different applications. Cosmological computer simulations of galaxy formation emerged as the primary tool to study structure formation in the Universe. This Technical Review describes the main techniques and ingredients of such simulations and their application to develop and constrain galaxy formation theories.

Cosmological simulations of galaxy formation