Smart grid

Electrical engineering

Physics

Automotive engineering

Process engineering

Mathematics

Energy storage

Modular programming

Engineering

Peaking power plant

Power (physics)

Grid

Renewable energy

Programming language

Reliability engineering

Electricity

Geometry

Computer science

Battery (electricity)

Quantum mechanics

Distributed generation

Transactions of Tianjin University

Grid-level large-scale electrical energy storage (GLEES) is an essential approach for balancing the supply–demand of electricity generation, distribution, and usage. Compared with conventional energy storage methods, battery technologies are desirable energy storage devices for GLEES due to their easy modularization, rapid response, flexible installation, and short construction cycles. In general, battery energy storage technologies are expected to meet the requirements of GLEES such as peak shaving and load leveling, voltage and frequency regulation, and emergency response, which are highlighted in this perspective. Furthermore, several types of battery technologies, including lead–acid, nickel–cadmium, nickel–metal hydride, sodium–sulfur, lithium-ion, and flow batteries, are discussed in detail for the application of GLEES. Moreover, some possible developing directions to facilitate efforts in this area are presented to establish a perspective on battery technology, provide a road map for guiding future studies, and promote the commercial application of batteries for GLEES.

Battery Technologies for Grid-Level Large-Scale Electrical Energy Storage