Incentive

World Wide Web

Science policy

Engineering

Mandate

Biology

Statistics

Microeconomics

Open research

Open data

Public relations

Open science

Scholarship

Economics

Computer science

Botany

Business

Alternative medicine

Physics

Mathematics

Astronomy

Political science

Economic policy

Artificial intelligence

Citizen science

Public administration

Medicine

European commission

Perspective (graphical)

Data sharing

European union

Engineering ethics

Pathology

Frontiers in Big Data

Open science will make science more efficient, reliable and responsive to societal challenges. The European Commission has sought to advance Open Science policy from its inception in a holistic and integrated way, covering all aspects of the research cycle from scientific discovery and review to sharing knowledge, publishing and outreach. We present the steps taken with a forward-looking perspective of the challenges laying ahead, in particular the necessary change of the rewards and incentives system for researchers (for which various actors are co-responsible and which goes beyond the mandate the European Commission). Finally, we discuss the promising role of Artificial Intelligence within an Open Science perspective.

Open Science, Open Data, and Open Scholarship: European Policies to Make Science Fit for the Twenty-First Century