Gender studies

Sociology

Theology

Subordination (linguistics)

Equal opportunity

Structural engineering

Politics

Epistemology

Engineering

Philosophy

Political science

Framing (construction)

Law and economics

Anthropology

Programming language

Affirmative action

Opportunity structures

Mainstream

Scholarship

Computer science

Linguistics

Interpretation (philosophy)

Muslim world

Islam

Gender Work and Organization

This article offers an interdisciplinary and transnational review of feminist, management and Islamic literatures to develop an understanding of philosophical theorization and institutional framing of equal opportunity in employment in Muslim majority countries (MMCs). The review suggests that ‘the mainstream’ western literature on gender and equal opportunity, along with its secular orientation, may not capture the complexity of gender and equal opportunity in MMCs. Through integrating Islamic writings and gender scholarship, the article examines how equal opportunity theorizing may be advanced by Islamic philosophies and interpretations. In particular, it presents two concurrent principles of gender relations in Islam, for instance, equality and difference of women and men. While Islamic scholars generally agree that women and men are equal because both are created by one God, there are two competing interpretations with respect to the principle of difference between women and men. The first is an egalitarian interpretation which advocates affirmative action in women's favour, and the second is a patriarchal interpretation which supports women's subordination to men. We present this discussion and use it to develop our understanding of equal opportunity or lack thereof in MMCs.

Theorizing equal opportunity in Muslim majority countries