Anatomy

Aerospace engineering

Dissection (medical)

Middle cranial fossa

Parapharyngeal space

Temporomandibular joint

Engineering

Cadaveric spasm

Pterygopalatine fossa

Orbit (dynamics)

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Infratemporal fossa

Skull

Temporal fossa

Zygomatic arch

Condyle

Pterygoid Muscles

Orthodontics

Medicine

Journal of neurosurgery

The infratemporal fossa (ITF) and parapharyngeal space are anatomical regions that can be challenging to access without the use of complex, cosmetically disfiguring approaches. With advances in endoscopic techniques, a new group of surgical approaches to access the intracranial space through the orbit has been recently referred to as transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery (TONES). The objective of this study was to establish a transorbital endoscopic approach utilizing the inferior orbital fissure (IOF) to gain access to the ITF and parapharyngeal space and provide a detailed endoscopic anatomical description of this approach.

Endoscopic transorbital approach to the infratemporal fossa and parapharyngeal space: a cadaveric study