Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) toward cost competitiveness and functionality

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) have been produced by several bacteria as bioplastics in industrial scales. PHA commercialization has been challenging due to its complexity and the associated high cost together with instabilities on molecular weights (Mw) and structures, thus instability on thermo- and mechanical properties. PHA high production cost is related to complicated bioprocessing associated with sterilization, low conversion of carbon...