Improving identification ability of adulterants in powdered Panax notoginseng using particle swarm optimization and data fusion

Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) is frequently targeted for adulteration with lower-grade P. notoginseng because of its high price. This paper presents a novel method to improve the identification ability of adulterants using spectroscopic techniques and chemometrics. P. notoginseng powder of different grades were blended at different percentages (0–100%), in which the minimum blend ratio was 0.5%. NIR (12,497–4000 cm−1) and FT-MIR (4000–400...