Management of the adult Fontan patient

Adults with congenital heart disease who underwent the Fontan operation to palliate single ventricle heart defects—by direct connection of caval venous return to the pulmonary circulation—have improved survival due to advancements in surgical and interventional techniques. However, cardiac and non-cardiac comorbidities often coexist, complicating management, and contributing to premature morbidity and mortality. Cardiac issues include heart...