Modulation and Characterization of the Double Network Hydrogel Surface-Bulk Transition

The hydrogel chemical structure at the gel-solution interface is important toward practical use, especially in tough double network (DN) hydrogels that have promising applications as structural biomaterials. In this work, we regulate the surface chemical structure of DN hydrogels and the surface–bulk transition by the molding substrate used for the synthesis of the second network. To characterize the surface and bulk structure, we combined...