Real-Time Water Quality Modeling with Ensemble Kalman Filter for State and Parameter Estimation in Water Distribution Networks

This study presents a novel approach to real-time water quality state (chlorine concentration) and reaction parameter estimation in water distribution systems (WDSs) using ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF)–based data assimilation techniques. Two different types of EnKF-based methods are used in this study: noniterative restart-EnKF (NIR-EnKF) and iterative restart-EnKF (IR-EnKF). The use of these data assimilation frameworks for addressing key...