Mathematical economics

Stackelberg competition

Repeated game

Stochastic game

Best response

Mathematics

Nash equilibrium

Strategy

Collision

Mathematical optimization

Game theory

Geometry

Constraint (computer-aided design)

Computer science

Computer security

Sequential game

IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology

We consider autonomous racing of two cars and present an approach to formulate racing decisions as a noncooperative nonzero-sum game. We design three different games where the players aim to fulfill static track constraints as well as avoid collision with each other; the latter constraint depends on the combined actions of the two players. The difference between the games is the collision constraints and the payoff. In the first game, collision avoidance is only considered by the follower, and each player maximizes their own progress toward the finish line. We show that, thanks to the sequential structure of this game, equilibria can be computed through an efficient sequential maximization approach. Furthermore, we show that these actions, if feasible, are also a Stackelberg and Nash equilibrium in pure strategies of our second game where both players consider the collision constraints. The payoff of our third game is designed to promote blocking, by additionally rewarding the cars for staying ahead at the end of the horizon. We show that this changes the Stackelberg equilibrium, but has a minor influence on the Nash equilibria. For online implementation, we propose to play the games in a moving horizon fashion and discuss two methods for guaranteeing feasibility of the resulting coupled repeated games. Finally, we study the performance of the proposed approaches in simulation for a setup that replicates the miniature race car tested at the Automatic Control Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Switzerland. The simulation study shows that the presented games can successfully model different racing behaviors and generate interesting racing situations.

A Noncooperative Game Approach to Autonomous Racing